PyGObject lietojumprogrammu un programmu pakete kā .deb pakete Linux darbvirsmai - 4. daļa


Mēs turpinām PyGObject programmēšanas sēriju ar jums Linux darbvirsmā. Sērijas 4. daļā mēs paskaidrosim, kā iesaiņot programmas un lietojumprogrammas, kuras izveidojām Linux darbvirsma, izmantojot PyGObject kā Debian paketi.

Debian paketes ( .deb ) ir visbiežāk izmantotais formāts programmu instalēšanai operētājsistēmā Linux, sistēma “ dpkg ”, kas nodarbojas ar pakotnēm .deb , ir noklusējums visos Debian balstītajos Linux izplatījumos, piemēram, Ubuntu un Linux Mint. Tāpēc mēs tikai paskaidrosim, kā iesaiņot mūsu programmas Debian.

Izveidojiet Debian paketi no savām PyGObject lietojumprogrammām

Pirmkārt, jums vajadzētu būt pamatzināšanām par Debian pakotņu izveidošanu, šī turpmākā rokasgrāmata jums ļoti palīdzēs.

  1. Ievads Debian iepakojumā

Īsāk sakot, ja jums ir projekts ar nosaukumu “ mana programma ”, tajā jābūt šādiem failiem un mapēm, lai jūs varētu to iesaiņot.

  1. debian (mape): šajā mapē ir visa informācija par Debian pakotni, kas sadalīta daudzos apakšfailos.
  2. po (mape): Po mapē ir iekļauti programmas tulkošanas faili (mēs to izskaidrosim 5. daļā).
  3. mana programma (Fails): tas ir Python fails, kuru izveidojām, izmantojot PyGObject, tas ir galvenais projekta fails.
  4. ui.glade (Fails): grafiskā lietotāja saskarnes fails. Ja lietojumprogrammas saskarni izveidojāt, izmantojot Glade, šis fails jāiekļauj mapē
    jūsu projekts.
  5. bMyprogram.desktop (fails): šis ir atbildīgais fails par lietojumprogrammas parādīšanu lietojumprogrammu izvēlnē.
  6. setup.py (Fails): Šis fails ir atbildīgs par jebkuras Python programmas instalēšanu vietējā sistēmā, tas ir ļoti svarīgi jebkurā Python programmā, tam ir arī daudz citu izmantošanas veidu.

Protams .. Ir daudz citu failu un mapju, kuras varat iekļaut savā projektā (faktiski jūs varat iekļaut visu, ko vēlaties), bet tie ir pamata faili.

Sāksim iesaiņot projektu. Izveidojiet jaunu mapi ar nosaukumu “ mana programma ”, izveidojiet failu ar nosaukumu “ mana programma ” un pievienojiet tam šādu kodu.

#!/usr/bin/python 
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 

## Replace your name and email. 
# My Name <[email > 

## Here you must add the license of the file, replace "MyProgram" with your program name. 
# License: 
#    MyProgram is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 
#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 
#    (at your option) any later version. 
# 
#    MyProgram is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the 
#    GNU General Public License for more details. 
# 
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 
#    along with MyProgram.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. 

from gi.repository import Gtk 
import os 

class Handler: 
  
  def openterminal(self, button): 
    ## When the user clicks on the first button, the terminal will be opened. 
    os.system("x-terminal-emulator ") 
  
  def closeprogram(self, button): 
    Gtk.main_quit() 
    
# Nothing new here.. We just imported the 'ui.glade' file. 
builder = Gtk.Builder() 
builder.add_from_file("/usr/lib/myprogram/ui.glade") 
builder.connect_signals(Handler()) 
window = builder.get_object("window1") 
window.connect("delete-event", Gtk.main_quit) 
window.show_all() 
Gtk.main()

Izveidojiet failu ui.glade un aizpildiet to ar šo kodu.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<!-- Generated with glade 3.16.1 --> 
<interface> 
  <requires lib="gtk+" version="3.10"/> 
  <object class="GtkWindow" id="window1"> 
    <property name="can_focus">False</property> 
    <property name="title" translatable="yes">My Program</property> 
    <property name="window_position">center</property> 
    <property name="icon_name">applications-utilities</property> 
    <property name="gravity">center</property> 
    <child> 
      <object class="GtkBox" id="box1"> 
        <property name="visible">True</property> 
        <property name="can_focus">False</property> 
        <property name="margin_left">5</property> 
        <property name="margin_right">5</property> 
        <property name="margin_top">5</property> 
        <property name="margin_bottom">5</property> 
        <property name="orientation">vertical</property> 
        <property name="homogeneous">True</property> 
        <child> 
          <object class="GtkLabel" id="label1"> 
            <property name="visible">True</property> 
            <property name="can_focus">False</property> 
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">Welcome to this Test Program !</property> 
          </object> 
          <packing> 
            <property name="expand">False</property> 
            <property name="fill">True</property> 
            <property name="position">0</property> 
          </packing> 
        </child> 
        <child> 
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button2"> 
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">Click on me to open the Terminal</property> 
            <property name="visible">True</property> 
            <property name="can_focus">True</property> 
            <property name="receives_default">True</property> 
            <signal name="clicked" handler="openterminal" swapped="no"/> 
          </object> 
          <packing> 
            <property name="expand">False</property> 
            <property name="fill">True</property> 
            <property name="position">1</property> 
          </packing> 
        </child> 
        <child> 
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button3"> 
            <property name="label">gtk-preferences</property> 
            <property name="visible">True</property> 
            <property name="can_focus">True</property> 
            <property name="receives_default">True</property> 
            <property name="use_stock">True</property> 
          </object> 
          <packing> 
            <property name="expand">False</property> 
            <property name="fill">True</property> 
            <property name="position">2</property> 
          </packing> 
        </child> 
        <child> 
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button4"> 
            <property name="label">gtk-about</property> 
            <property name="visible">True</property> 
            <property name="can_focus">True</property> 
            <property name="receives_default">True</property> 
            <property name="use_stock">True</property> 
          </object> 
          <packing> 
            <property name="expand">False</property> 
            <property name="fill">True</property> 
            <property name="position">3</property> 
          </packing> 
        </child> 
        <child> 
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button1"> 
            <property name="label">gtk-close</property> 
            <property name="visible">True</property> 
            <property name="can_focus">True</property> 
            <property name="receives_default">True</property> 
            <property name="use_stock">True</property> 
            <signal name="clicked" handler="closeprogram" swapped="no"/> 
          </object> 
          <packing> 
            <property name="expand">False</property> 
            <property name="fill">True</property> 
            <property name="position">4</property> 
          </packing> 
        </child> 
      </object> 
    </child> 
  </object> 
</interface>

Līdz šim nekas jauns nav. Mēs tikko izveidojām Python failu un tā saskarnes failu. Tagad tajā pašā mapē izveidojiet failu “setup.py ” un pievienojiet tam šādu kodu. Katra rinda ir paskaidrota komentāros.

# Here we imported the 'setup' module which allows us to install Python scripts to the local system beside performing some other tasks, you can find the documentation here: https://docs.python.org/2/distutils/apiref.html 
from distutils.core import setup 

setup(name = "myprogram", # Name of the program. 
      version = "1.0", # Version of the program. 
      description = "An easy-to-use web interface to create & share pastes easily", # You don't need any help here. 
      author = "TecMint", # Nor here. 
      author_email = "[email ",# Nor here :D 
      url = "http://example.com", # If you have a website for you program.. put it here. 
      license='GPLv3', # The license of the program. 
      scripts=['myprogram'], # This is the name of the main Python script file, in our case it's "myprogram", it's the file that we added under the "myprogram" folder. 

# Here you can choose where do you want to install your files on the local system, the "myprogram" file will be automatically installed in its correct place later, so you have only to choose where do you want to install the optional files that you shape with the Python script 
      data_files = [ ("lib/myprogram", ["ui.glade"]), # This is going to install the "ui.glade" file under the /usr/lib/myprogram path. 
                     ("share/applications", ["myprogram.desktop"]) ] ) # And this is going to install the .desktop file under the /usr/share/applications folder, all the folder are automatically installed under the /usr folder in your root partition, you don't need to add "/usr/ to the path. 

Tagad tajā pašā mapē izveidojiet failu “myprogram.desktop ” un pievienojiet šo kodu, kā arī komentāros.

# This is the .desktop file, this file is the responsible file about showing your application in the applications menu in any desktop interface, it's important to add this file to your project, you can view more details about this file from here: https://developer.gnome.org/integration-guide/stable/desktop-files.html.en 
[Desktop Entry] 
# The default name of the program. 
Name=My Program 
# The name of the program in the Arabic language, this name will be used to display the application under the applications menu when the default language of the system is Arabic, use the languages codes to change the name for each language. 
Name[ar]=برنامجي 
# Description of the file. 
Comment=A simple test program developed by me. 
# Description of the file in Arabic. 
Comment[ar]=برنامج تجريبي بسيط تم تطويره بواسطتي. 
# The command that's going to be executed when the application is launched from the applications menu, you can enter the name of the Python script or the full path if you want like /usr/bin/myprogram 
Exec=myprogram 
# Do you want to run your program from the terminal? 
Terminal=false 
# Leave this like that. 
Type=Application 
# Enter the name of the icon you want to use for the application, you can enter a path for the icon as well like /usr/share/pixmaps/icon.png but make sure to include the icon.png file in your project folder first and in the setup.py file as well. Here we'll use the "system" icon for now. 
Icon=system 
# The category of the file, you can view the available categories from the freedesktop website.
Categories=GNOME;GTK;Utility; 
StartupNotify=false 

Mēs šeit gandrīz esam paveikuši .. Mums vienkārši jāizveido daži mazi faili mapē “ debian ”, lai sniegtu informāciju par mūsu “ dpkg ” paketi. sistēmā.

Atveriet mapi debian un izveidojiet šādus failus.

control
compat
changelog
rules

kontrole : Šis fails sniedz pamatinformāciju par Debian pakotni. Lai iegūtu sīkāku informāciju, lūdzu, apmeklējiet Debian pakotnes vadības laukus.

Source: myprogram
Maintainer: My Name <[email > 
Section: utils 
Priority: optional 
Standards-Version: 3.9.2 
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9), python2.7 

Package: myprogram 
Architecture: all 
Depends: python-gi 
Description: My Program 
Here you can add a short description about your program.

kompānija : Šis ir tikai svarīgs fails dpkg sistēmai, tajā ir tikai burvju 9 numurs, atstājiet to tādu.

9

changelog : šeit jūs varēsiet pievienot izmaiņas, ko veicat savā programmā, lai iegūtu papildinformāciju, lūdzu, apmeklējiet Debian pakešu izmaiņu žurnāla avotu.

myprogram (1.0) trusty; urgency=medium 

  * Add the new features here. 
  * Continue adding new changes here. 
  * And here. 

 -- My Name Here <[email >  Sat, 27 Dec 2014 21:36:33 +0200

kārtulas : Šis fails ir atbildīgs par instalēšanas procesa palaišanu vietējā mašīnā, lai instalētu pakotni. Jūs varat skatīt vairāk informācijas par šo failu šeit: Debian pakotnes noklusējuma noteikumi.

Lai gan jūsu Python programmai nekas vairāk nebūs vajadzīgs.

#!/usr/bin/make -f 
# This file is responsible about running the installation process on the local machine to install the package, you can view more information about this file from here: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#defaultrules Though you won't need anything more for your Python program. 
%: 
    dh [email  
override_dh_auto_install: 
    python setup.py install --root=debian/myprogram --install-layout=deb --install-scripts=/usr/bin/ # This is going to run the setup.py file to install the program as a Python script on the system, it's also going to install the "myprogram" script under /usr/bin/ using the --install-scripts option, DON'T FORGET TO REPLACE "myprogram" WITH YOUR PROGRAM NAME. 
override_dh_auto_build:

Tagad mēs esam veiksmīgi izveidojuši visus nepieciešamos failus savai programmai, sāksim to iesaiņot. Pirmkārt, pirms sākat, pārliecinieties, vai esat instalējis dažas būvēšanas procesa atkarības.

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install devscripts

Tagad iedomājieties, ka mape “ mana programma ” atrodas jūsu mājas mapē (/home/user/myprogram ), lai to iesaiņotu kā Debian pakotni, izpildiet šādas komandas.

$ cd /home/user/myprogram
$ debuild -us -uc
[email :~/Projects/myprogram$
debuild -us -uc dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -D -us -uc
dpkg-buildpackage: source package myprogram
dpkg-buildpackage: source version 1.0
dpkg-buildpackage: source distribution trusty
dpkg-buildpackage: source changed by My Name Here
<[email >
dpkg-source --before-build myprogram
dpkg-buildpackage: host architecture i386
fakeroot debian/rules clean
dh clean
dh_testdir
dh_auto_clean
....
.....
Finished running lintian.

Un viss! Jūsu Debian pakotne tika veiksmīgi izveidota:

Lai to instalētu jebkurā Debian balstītā izplatīšanā, palaidiet.

$ sudo dpkg -i myprogram_1.0_all.deb

Neaizmirstiet aizstāt iepriekš minēto failu ar pakotnes nosaukumu. Tagad pēc pakotnes instalēšanas jūs varat palaist programmu no lietojumprogrammu izvēlnes.

Un tas darbosies ..

Šeit beidzas mūsu sērijas 4. daļa par PyGObject. Nākamajā nodarbībā mēs paskaidrosim, kā viegli lokalizēt PyGObject lietojumprogrammu, līdz tam palieciet pie tās ...